Published preterm and term echo reference ranges and cut-offs, each with its population, method and source
Experimental prototype. Built from published sources but not yet independently verified. Do not use for clinical decisions; check results against the primary references.
Key values only. Each row gives the main ranges or cut-offs from one source and links to the full paper. Populations, ages and methods differ between rows, so values are not interchangeable; “cut-off” rows grade disease and are not normal ranges.
Reference table
Neonatal echo reference values and cut-offs
Parameter
Values
Population
How measured
Source
RVSP from the tricuspid regurgitation jet
Simplified Bernoulli, as given by de Boode et al. 2018 (Eq. 3): RVSP = 4 × (TR Vmax)² + RAP. Enter the peak TR velocity in m/s and the right atrial pressure you assume or measured; systolic blood pressure is optional and gives RVSP as a fraction of systemic pressure.
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Model, equations and sources
How the values were chosen
Every value was copied from a source that was read: a PubMed abstract, a full text (open access, author manuscript or the published article), or a table in a review. The Source column says which (“abstract”, “full text”, or “review”). Values cited by a review from an earlier primary paper are labelled as such.
Only key values are shown; full tables and centile charts are left in the papers. Follow the DOI for complete data.
Mean (SD) unless stated. GA = gestational age at birth; PMA = postmenstrual age; LVO/RVO = left/right ventricular output.
RVSP equation
p = 4 × v² (p mm Hg, v m/s)
SPAP ≈ RVSP = 4 × (TR Vmax)² + RAP
de Boode WP, Singh Y, Molnar Z, et al. Application of Neonatologist Performed Echocardiography in the assessment and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatr Res 2018;84(Suppl 1):68-77. doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0082-0, Eq. 2 and 3 (open-access full text). The ratio to systolic blood pressure is a simple division shown for context; no category is assigned to it.
Not included or not verified
Strain and strain-rate reference values (El-Khuffash et al. 2018): the tables are images in the retrieved full text, so no values are shown.
TAPSE, MAPSE and RV s′ Z-score equations (Koestenberger 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015). TAPSE: both papers were read in full text. Koestenberger 2009 (children) prints no equation, only bounds by age group (Table 1). Koestenberger 2011 (neonates) prints a gestational-age equation, quoted in its row and used for the TAPSE z-score on the hemodynamics page (scans in the first 48 h). RV s′ (2013) and MAPSE (2015): only the abstracts were read; no regression is implemented.
Jain et al. 2014 RV Z scores and Choudhry et al. 2017 LMS centiles: equations and coefficient tables are in the papers; they are linked, not reproduced.
ASE 2024 and Mertens 2011 guideline values: full texts were not retrieved; listed as guidelines only.
The Levy 2016 PAAT equations and cut-offs come from children aged 1 to 18 years and are shown for context, not as neonatal norms.
The van Laere 2018 PDA grading table labels Vmax “(cm/s)” while giving values of 1.5 to 2; these are read as m/s.
Computed in this browser; nothing you enter in the search or RVSP fields is stored or sent. Experimental: last checked against the cited sources October 2026.
Reference values describe study populations. They do not replace clinical judgement or the full published tables.